海外之声 | 女性面临养老金贫困：性别和文化等差异是诱因（中英双语）

观点速递

本文作者是全球主权顾问的任事股东，前联合国财务主管，以及合办工作人员养恤基金主任Suzanne Bishopric。原文首次刊登于The Bulletin。

作者指出，在女性群体中，养老金不足的问题十分严重，性别差异带来的收入差距是一个原因，女性在年老时更易受慢性疾病影响是另一原因。政府急需采取补救措施，保障收入平等的同时实现养老金平等。

中文译文如下：

女性面临养老金贫困

性别收入差距，文化因素以及长寿导致了女性拥有较少的养老金

Suzanne Bishopric

翻译：王春译

审校：熊若洁

2018年6月21日

尽管大家高度关注发达国家所存在的养老金不足的问题，但是许多人忽视了这个问题对女性来说有多严重。

20世纪70年代，大量的妇女进入职场，她们的收入只有男性的60%，所以女性的退休存款比男性少也丝毫不令人意外。当时，官方预计在很短的时间内，女性跟男性就能取得收入平等，但是目前女性的收入仍然比男性低，养老金系统也没有为女性不同的职业道路做出调整。2017世界经济论坛报告预计，至少还需要217年，女性才能挣到和男性一样多的钱。

由于养老的费用是用日积月累的收入存款堆积起来的，很明显，那些挣得少的人也只能积累起比较少的养老金。不幸的是，许多其他因素更是使得女性面临更大的不平等。

就业年限差距导致的收入差距也是女性退休存款减少的一大原因。在美国，妇女没有工作的平均年限为5.5年，主要是为了要照顾孩子。此外，还有一个不太起眼的原因，那就是因为女性通常会嫁给比自己年长的男性，因此也会导致差距。当丈夫退休后，妻子往往也会在法定的退休年龄之前离开职场。

如果你把照顾年老亲戚的因素也考虑进去的话，情况就更加糟糕。因为女性不会因为照顾家庭成员而获得报酬。然而，当女性达到需要被照顾的年龄时，她们往往成了寡妇，所以她们曾经免费为家庭成员提供的服务，现在要付费请人来提供。加重这一问题的还有一个原因，即女性在年老时更容易受慢性致残疾病的影响，这一点与男性不成比例。

长寿导致了超过个人储蓄所能供养寿命的风险。目前，女性通常会比男性长寿5-7年，但是能够支撑自己的养老储蓄预计却比男性少了30%-40%。

目前急需采取补救措施。一些解决方法需要文化方面的变革，例如鼓励女性嫁给比她们年轻的男性，因此妻子们就可以不必为了陪伴退休的丈夫而离开职场。

首先，为了纠正过去的薪水不平等问题，基于收入的所有社保机制或养老金都必须要提高，以弥补女性较少的收入，直到女性可以挣得与男性相当的工资。因此，基于女性工资为男性工资60%而计算出的养老金应当被除以0.6，或者女性的养老金应当增加一部分使之与男性的养老金持衡。如果不做出这样的调整，那么养老金机制将继续延续过去的性别工资差距。

第二，其他支撑机制，例如应该向有小孩子的家庭提供带薪产假或支付得起的儿童保育，避免母亲要在毁掉自己职业生涯和忽视孩子中做出选择。还要使母亲能够一直留在公司的工资名单上，即便是兼职也可以，这样不仅仅可以增加女性的收入，更能确保女性的工作技能和工作关系。

第三，针对未支付的儿童保育或养老服务提供的津贴应该被纳入退休机制中，例如为照顾小孩和老人的女性提供养老金计划最低缴款。

“女人的工作永远做不完”这句俗话只说了一半，还有半句是，女人做的工作永远拿不到回报。现在，女性也加入了劳动人口当中，是时候重新平衡工作量了。

一旦女性获得了收入平等，男性也共同承担家庭的欢喜和磨难，要实现养老金的平等就会更容易一些。

英文原文如下：

Women face pension poverty

Gender pay gap, cultural factors and longevity lead to lower savings

Suzanne Bishopric

  21 Jun 2018

While there has been intense focus on general pension underfunding throughout the developed world, many have overlooked how much worse the problem is for women.

When greater numbers of women entered the workforce in the 1970s, they typically earned only 60% of a man's income, so it should not come as a surprise that their retirement savings are lower. At the time, authorities assumed women would achieve income equality in short order, but their income has remained lower than men's, and pension systems have made no adjustment for women's different career paths. The World Economic Forum's 2017 report projected that it would take 217 years before women would be making as much money as men.

Because retirement funds are built up from gradual savings from income, it is obvious that those who earn less money will accumulate smaller pension pots. Unfortunately, a number of other factors have stacked the equation against women.

Unpaid gaps in employment are one of the biggest reasons for the reduced retirement savings of women. The average woman in the US absent is from the paid workforce for about 5.5 years to tend to children. Another, less noticeable, gap occurs because women tend to marry older men. When the husband retires, the wife tends to leave the workforce before her statutory retirement age.

It gets worse when one considers who looks after for elderly relatives, because women are not paid for the care they provide to family members. However, when women reach the age when they need care themselves, they have often been widowed, and so must pay for the services they once provided for free to others. Compounding this problem is the fact that women are disproportionately afflicted by the chronic disabling diseases of old age.

Longevity creates the risk of outliving one's savings. At present, a woman will live about five to seven years longer than her husband, yet will have to support herself with pension savings estimated to be 30%-40% lower than his.

Urgent remedies are needed. Some solutions would require a cultural revolution, such as encouraging women to marry men who are younger, so wives won't be tempted to drop out of the workforce to accompany their husbands into retirement.

First, to correct salary injustices of the past, any social security scheme or pension fund that was based on income should be grossed up to adjust for women's lower pay, until women are shown to earn the same amount as men. Thus, any pension payment based on a woman's work when women were earning 60% of a man's salary should be divided by 0.6, or increased by the fraction that makes it equal with that of her male peers. Without this kind of adjustment, pension systems would effectively perpetuate gender wage gaps of the past.

Second, support mechanisms such as paid maternity leave or affordable childcare should be provided to families with young children, to avoid forcing mothers to choose between jeopardising their careers and neglecting their children. Enabling mothers to stay on the payroll, even if only part time, not merely generates income but also keeps women's skills and professional connections current.

Third, some allowance for unpaid childcare or eldercare services should be incorporated into retirement schemes, such as minimum contributions to pension plans for persons caring for infants and elders.

The old saying 'a woman's work is never done' left unspoken that a woman's work was never paid. Now that women have joined the workforce, it is time to rebalance the workload.

Once women attain paycheck parity and men share equally in the joys and tribulations of the home front, it will be far easier to balance the pension equation.

内容整理 罗梦宇

图文编辑 罗梦宇

审校  田雯

监制  朱霜霜

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